Gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) growing in dryland is an important natural resource both for local people as fuel wood and livestock fodder and for local environment supporting coastal marine ecosystem as a fish-breeding forest. However, recent large-scale social and economic development of the Middle East countries, especially the Kingdom of Saudi-Arabia, destroy and fragment gray mangrove forests in everywhere around the Arabian Peninsula. A grand design of land use ensuring both economic development and conservation of coastal ecosystem is required. Moreover, development of techniques for restoration and protection of healthy mangrove ecosystem is an urgent issue to secure coastal vegetation confronting with the extinction by the rise in Indian Ocean level.
   Eco-physiological and genetic analysis of gray mangrove started in the Red Sea coast is extended over the Indian Ocean to clarify the geographic variation of its feature.
   We hope to establish a gray mangrove conservation planning being applicable for all coast of the Indian Ocean with restoration and protection technologies based on the reproductive strategy of gray mangrove specialized on the heavy grazing pressure by camels in hyper arid condition.